We investigate how the brain produces behaviour by looking at how movements are generated and adjusted to meet animals’ needs. |
Research
We are interested in the neuroscience of how animals move to meet their needs. We explore the mechanisms that underlie the generation of movements using a combination of multi-disciplinary approaches that include imaging, electrophysiology, and connectomics. We are also a maker lab, building custom microscopes and other setups to help us do the experiments we want to do.

We use the zebrafish, fruit fly, and red flour beetle larval model organisms to see how the nervous systems of these diverse animals have evolved to move around in their environment.


About us





Lab alumni
Publications
2026
MacLeod J, Xu Ying B, Zwart MF, Pulver SR. Dopamine promotes motor programs underlying substrate tunneling in larval Drosophila. J Neurophysiol. 2026 Jul 31. doi: 10.1152/jn.00469.2025
Xu Ying B, Zwart MF, Li W-C. Simultaneous Whole-Cell Recording and Calcium Imaging Does Not Reveal Electrically Coupled Neurons in Xenopus Tadpoles. eNeuro.
Mullen PN*, Shaweis H*, Zwart MF. The inferior olive transforms upstream sensorimotor errors into cerebellar teaching signals. BioRxiv doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.11.711185
Lykke Borre A, Corsetti S, Morizet J, Wijesinghe P, Armstrong H, Veettikazhy M, Zwart M, Bruce GD, Dholakia K. Illumination and detection in light sheet microscopy: the case for structured light. Proc SPIE 13862, High-Throughput Biophotonics: Imaging, Spectroscopy, and Beyond XI, 1386202. 2026 March 5 doi.org/10.1117/12.3087536
Date T, Liu Y, Yamaguchi A, McNulty P, Wu R, Gershow M, Nose A, Zwart MF*, Kohsaka H*.
Mullen PN, Bowlby B, Armstrong HC, Gray A, Zwart MF. PoseR: a deep learning toolbox for classifying animal behaviour. Open Biol 2026 January 01; 16 (1): 250322. doi.org/10.1098/rsob.250322
2025
MacLeod J, Xu Ying B, Zwart MF, Pulver SR. Dopamine promotes motor programs underlying substrate tunneling in larval Drosophila. BioRxiv doi:10.1101/2025.09.16.676552v1
Xu Ying B, Zwart MF*, Pulver SR*. Context-dependent coordination of movement in Tribolium castaneum larvae. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2025 April 17; 228:jeb250015 doi:10.1242/jeb.250015 (*co-corresponding)
Featured in national and international media; also on BBC Radio 4.
2024
Zwart MF. Neuronal Development: Rethinking sensorimotor circuits. eLife. 2024 Nov 13; 13:e104111 doi:10.7554/eLife.104111
Taneja C, George JG, Corsetti S, Wijesinge P, Bruce GD, Zwart MF, Bhattacharya S, Dholakia K. Sidelobe suppressed Bessel beams for one-photon light-sheet microscopy. Biomedical Optics Express. 2024 Nov 1; 15(11):6183 doi:10.1364/BOE.538253
Xu Ying B, Zwart MF*, Pulver SR*. Context-dependent coordination of movement in Tribolium castaneum larvae. BioRxiv doi: (*co-corresponding)
Jonaitis J, Hibbard K, McCafferty Layte K, Hiramoto A, Cardona A, Truman JW, Nose, A, Zwart MF, Pulver SR. Steering From the Rear: Coordination of Central Pattern Generators Underlying Navigation by Ascending Interneurons. BioRxiv doi:10.1101/2024.06.17.598162
2023
Liu Y, Hasegawa E, Nose A, Zwart MF*, Kohsaka H*. Synchronous multi-segmental activity between metachronal waves controls locomotion speed in Drosophila larvae. eLife. 2023 Aug 8; 12:e83328. doi:10.7554/eLife.83328 (*co-corresponding)
Mullen PN, Bowlby B, Armstrong HC, Zwart MF. PoseR – A deep learning toolbox for decoding animal behavior. BioRxiv doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507222
2022
Yang E, Zwart MF, Rubinov M, James B, Wei Z, Narayan S, Vladimirov N, Mensh BD, Fitzgerald JE, Ahrens MB. A brainstem integrator for self-localization and positional homeostasis. Cell. 2022 Dec 22; 185(26):5011-5027.e20. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12693-6
Liu Y, Hasegawa E, Nose A, Zwart MF*, Kohsaka H*. Synchronous multi-segmental activity between metachronal waves controls locomotion speed in Drosophila larvae. BioRxiv doi:10.1101/2022.09.08.507222 (*co-corresponding)
2021
Yang E, Zwart MF, Rubinov M, James B, Wei Z, Narayan S, Vladimirov N, Mensh BD, Fitzgerald JE, Ahrens MB. A brainstem integrator for self-localization and positional homeostasis. BioRxiv doi:10.1101/2021.11.26.468907
2019
Babski H, Jovanic T, Surel C, Yoshikawa S, Zwart MF, Valmier J, Thomas JB, Enriquez J, Carroll P, Garcès A. A GABAergic Maf-expressing interneuron subset regulates the speed of locomotion in Drosophila. Nat Commun. 2019 Oct 22;10(1):4796. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12693-6
Kohsaka H, Zwart MF, Fushiki A, Fetter RD, Truman JW, Cardona A, Nose A. Regulation of forward and backward locomotion through intersegmental feedback circuits in Drosophila larvae. Nat Commun. 2019 Jun 14;10(1):2654. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10695-y.
2018
Oswald MC, Brooks PS, Zwart MF, Mukherjee A, West RJ, Giachello CN, Morarach K, Baines RA, Sweeney ST, Landgraf M. Reactive oxygen species regulate activity-dependent neuronal plasticity in Drosophila. Elife. 2018 Dec 17;7. pii: e39393. doi:10.7554/eLife.39393.
2016
Kawashima T, Zwart MF, Yang CT, Mensh BD, Ahrens MB. The Serotonergic System Tracks the Outcomes of Actions to Mediate Short-Term Motor Learning. Cell. 2016 Nov 3;167(4):933-946.e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.055.
Zwart MF*, Pulver SR, Truman JW, Fushiki A, Fetter RD, Cardona A, Landgraf M*. Selective Inhibition Mediates the Sequential Recruitment of Motor Pools. Neuron. 2016 Aug 3;91(3):615-28. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.031 (*co-corresponding).
Schneider-Mizell CM, Gerhard S, Longair M, Kazimiers T, Li F, Zwart MF, Champion A, Midgley FM, Fetter RD, Saalfeld S, Cardona A. Quantitative neuroanatomy for connectomics in Drosophila. Elife. 2016 Mar 18;5. pii: e12059. doi:10.7554/eLife.12059.
Fushiki A, Zwart MF, Kohsaka H, Fetter RD, Cardona A, Nose A. A circuit mechanism for the propagation of waves of muscle contraction in Drosophila. Elife. 2016 Feb 15;5. pii: e13253. doi:10.7554/eLife.13253.
2015
Heckscher ES, Zarin AA, Faumont S, Clark MQ, Manning L, Fushiki A, Schneider-Mizell CM, Fetter RD, Truman JW, Zwart MF, Landgraf M, Cardona A, Lockery SR, Doe CQ. Even-Skipped(+) Interneurons Are Core Components of a Sensorimotor Circuit that Maintains Left-Right Symmetric Muscle Contraction Amplitude. Neuron. 2015 Oct 21;88(2):314-29. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.009.
2013
Zwart MF, Randlett O, Evers JF, Landgraf M. Dendritic growth gated by a steroid hormone receptor underlies increases in activity in the developing Drosophila locomotor system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct1;110(40):E3878-87. doi:10.1073/pnas.1311711110.
Join the lab
We currently have TWO positions available:
FENS job ad research assistant
These posts are to join an exciting collaborative project, ‘AI-enabled models for whole-brain functional connectomics’, funded by the Leverhulme Trust.
Understanding how the brain works requires more than simply watching it in action or examining its structure under a microscope. We need to know how individual nerve cells are physically connected and how these connections give rise to behaviour and thought. Current tools can reveal either the structure of the brain or its activity, but rarely both together in a practical and scalable way. This project aims to solve this by combining different kinds of data -structural, functional, and causal- into a single AI-centred computer model. By combining information about where neurons are located, how they fire over time, and how they respond to targeted stimulation, we will develop an approach that can infer the brain’s wiring with far less cost and effort than today’s gold-standard techniques.
But we’re always looking for keen postdocs, PhD students, and technicians to join the team! Just drop Maarten a line. Anyone from a wide range of backgrounds including neuroscience, physics, engineering, and computer science who is interested in working in the lab is encouraged to get in touch. Funding for PhD students is available through:
the School of Psychology and Neuroscience
Contact
Maarten Zwart
Reader in Neuroscience
tel +44 01334 462086
email mfz[at]st-andrews.ac.uk











